Thyroid incidentaloma as a “PAIN” phenomenon— does it always require surgery?

Gender and sleep "Morning came, as it always does".

Management of subdural intracranial empyemas should not always require surgery.

Seven patients with subdural empyema were initially treated by antibiotics without surgery. Six have recovered without sequelae. One required delayed surgery and has recovered with epilepsy. The authors emphasise the use of CT for the diagnosis and follow-up of subdural empyema, the principles and modalities of non-surgical treatment, and the good results, especially for late morbidity.

Identification of External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Surgery: Is It Always Possible?

The EBSLN supplies the cricothyroid muscle. This muscle increases the longitudinal tension of vocal folds and raises the pitch of voice [1]. The effects of the injury are subtle and include mild to moderate breathy voice, reduction in the average pitch of voice, especially the inability to raise the pitch of voice that leads to reduction of the voice range [2]. The severity would vary according...

Eating Behaviour: Is It Always a Conscious Choice?

in the past 40 years there has been drastic increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide (1). This rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity is not a matter of physiologic or metabolic alteration within people. Thousands of scientific papers are published each year indicating that pharmaceutical companies are working to find possible money making antiobesity agents. Increasing in the preva...

Laparoendoscopic single site surgery in pediatric urology: does it require specialized tools?

PURPOSE To describe our experience utilizing Laparoendoscopic single site (LESS) surgery in pediatric urology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective chart review was performed on LESS urologic procedures from November 2009 through March 2013. A total of 44 patients underwent 54 procedures including: nephrectomy (23), orchiopexy (14), varicocelectomy (9), orchiectomy (2), urachal cyst excision (...